tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-62749660031988316862024-03-13T06:42:33.255-07:00GeophysicsDiaryMalikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335376121480405305noreply@blogger.comBlogger18125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274966003198831686.post-59063170433617865162013-05-01T03:59:00.003-07:002013-05-01T04:04:30.575-07:00Breccia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;">Breccia is a clastic <a href="http://geophysicsdiary.blogspot.com/2013/05/sedimentary-rocks.html">sedimentary rock</a> that is composed of large (over two millimeter diameter) angular fragments. The spaces between the large fragments can be filled with a matrix of smaller particles or a mineral cement which binds the rock together.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Read More For Picture:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQmgVsoXeH_6jpOvvfyC25lR3DRXg-bKrVnb0HJYKcQqQdNA-MMLAVCxhxf-roVv7tQkq8DOmxuWa-h9MuzF7aDzNYMu48dHTqhoDG033yTEN7r27vJ9v_7j86OAeD2kdI5l2ieEykrbk/s1600/breccia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Breccia" border="0" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQmgVsoXeH_6jpOvvfyC25lR3DRXg-bKrVnb0HJYKcQqQdNA-MMLAVCxhxf-roVv7tQkq8DOmxuWa-h9MuzF7aDzNYMu48dHTqhoDG033yTEN7r27vJ9v_7j86OAeD2kdI5l2ieEykrbk/s400/breccia.jpg" title="Breccia" width="400" /></a></div>
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Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335376121480405305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274966003198831686.post-51445283935175763212013-05-01T03:55:00.001-07:002013-05-01T03:55:24.360-07:00Sedimentary Rocks <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;">Sedimentary Rocks " Made up of Sediments"</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Sedimentary Rocks are formed in following steps.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Weathering/Erosion</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Transportation.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Deposition</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Lithification</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Cementation</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">There are three basic types of sedimentary rocks: </span><div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1) clastic sedimentary rocks such as breccia, conglomerate, sandstone and shale, that are formed from mechanical weathering debris.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> 2) chemical sedimentary rocks such as rock salt and some limestones, that form when dissolved materials precipitate from solution. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">3) organic sedimentary rocks such as coal and some limestones which form from the accumulation of plant or animal debris.</span></div>
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Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335376121480405305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274966003198831686.post-62945807589670994832013-05-01T03:45:00.000-07:002013-05-01T03:47:57.984-07:00Quartz<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Quartz</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Quartz is the second most abundant <a href="http://geophysicsdiary.blogspot.com/2013/04/what-are-minerals.html">mineral</a> in the Earth's continental crust, after feldspar. It is made up of a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall formula SiO2.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">There are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are semi-precious gemstones. Especially in Europe and the Middle East, varieties of quartz have been since antiquity the most commonly used minerals in the making of jewelry and hardstone carvings.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Where is Quartz Found?</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Quartz is the most abundant and widely distributed <a href="http://geophysicsdiary.blogspot.com/2013/04/what-are-minerals.html">mineral</a> found at Earth's surface. It is present and plentiful in all parts of the world. It forms at all temperatures. It is abundant in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. It is highly resistant to both mechanical and chemical weathering. This durability makes it the dominant mineral of mountaintops and the primary constituent of beach, river and desert sand. Quartz is ubiquitous, plentiful and durable. Minable deposits are found throughout the world.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Physical Properties Of Quartz</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6EMgy3H_IuLybAsxVjd-EEwJzyRy0R6p0ezCoJoc1ms0jeG9InLSVoAG4bUtduv9pnfh78Kqfgp6ydRuPQWzb0NOmaWvYqcK2vZziEu44h4KVP5ONoaLZNuGgMqVQWYxjr-IEGqOJtpo/s1600/Physical+Properties+of+quartz.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Physical properties of quartz" border="0" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6EMgy3H_IuLybAsxVjd-EEwJzyRy0R6p0ezCoJoc1ms0jeG9InLSVoAG4bUtduv9pnfh78Kqfgp6ydRuPQWzb0NOmaWvYqcK2vZziEu44h4KVP5ONoaLZNuGgMqVQWYxjr-IEGqOJtpo/s400/Physical+Properties+of+quartz.PNG" title="Physical properties of quartz" width="400" /></a></div>
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Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335376121480405305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274966003198831686.post-8700421119871048472013-05-01T01:36:00.000-07:002013-05-01T03:46:18.059-07:00Most Common Mineral<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;">Q) What is the most common <a href="http://geophysicsdiary.blogspot.com/2013/04/what-are-minerals.html">mineral</a> in the crust and surface of earth?</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Answer:- Depending upon how you look at it there are two possible minerals.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">1. <a href="http://geophysicsdiary.blogspot.com/2013/05/quartz.html">Quartz</a> is the most common <a href="http://geophysicsdiary.blogspot.com/2013/04/what-are-minerals.html">mineral</a> on the surface of earth.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">2. Feldspar is the most common <a href="http://geophysicsdiary.blogspot.com/2013/04/what-are-minerals.html">mineral</a> in the crust of earth. Feldspar is commonly considered as a group of <a href="http://geophysicsdiary.blogspot.com/2013/04/what-are-minerals.html">minerals</a>, which includes Potassium - Feldspar and plagioclase.</span></div>
Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335376121480405305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274966003198831686.post-90414851863885457152013-04-30T08:42:00.001-07:002013-04-30T08:42:44.531-07:00What are minerals?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">What are Minerals?</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Minerals are natural, inorganic substances, composed of the atoms of either one single chemical element or a number of different elements. There are over 4,000 different minerals, and each one is distinguished by its chemical composition (the particular ratio of its chemical elements) and its crystal structure. Nearly all minerals are crystalline: the atoms are arranged in a regular pattern; when allowed to grow freely, they form symmetric crystals with flat faces.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Rock-forming and Ore Minerals</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Minerals are in all the rocks of the Earth. They can be found wherever rocks have been exposed, either naturally or by man. Some minerals are rich in those metals we use in our everyday lives, and we exploit these as ores.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">ROCK-FORMING MINERALS</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Most minerals that make up the bulk of rocks and veins are neither metallic nor noticeably heavy, and many are not particularly colourful. There are important exceptions, however, and some of the most richly coloured are gem minerals that are beautiful, durable, and rare.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">ORE MINERALS</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ores and their secondary minerals frequently occur in mineral veins, which are sheet-like structures that result when minerals fill fractures within existing rocks. Many ore minerals look metallic, and some are noticeably heavy. Secondary minerals may be formed when primary ore minerals are altered by rain and groundwater. They are often brightly coloured, and some may themselves be of economic value</span><br />
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Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335376121480405305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274966003198831686.post-1392289244760450542013-04-29T10:21:00.004-07:002013-04-30T08:16:16.428-07:00What Are Tectonic Plates<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">In geology, the Earth's outermost layer is called the lithosphere, which contains the crust and solid, rigid rock. Below the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, which flows more like liquid. The Earth's lithosphere is broken up into tectonic plates — massive, irregular slabs of solid rock that are assumed to average about 70 miles thick. The Earth consists of seven major tectonic plates (underneath the continents as well as the oceans) and many more, smaller ones. These plates float, or "ride," on the asthenosphere.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Tectonic plates sometimes collide. The world's great mountain ranges were formed when plates collided and the rock had nowhere to go but up. Tectonic plates are moving slowly, rubbing against each other or even in opposite directions, which is what causes the majority of the earth's seismic and volcanic activity. If you study where the tectonic plates are located, you'll notice that the vast majority of mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes occur along the edges of these plates, while the centers of the plates remain relatively stable, in geologic terms.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Source: cliffnotes.com</span></div>
Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335376121480405305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274966003198831686.post-62422165417858942452013-04-28T21:27:00.002-07:002013-04-28T21:27:51.244-07:00Doodle Bugging Crew<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;">Doodle Bugging Crew consists of followings:-</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">1. Party chief:-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Seismic crew operates under the supervision of party chief.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">2. Party Manager:-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Day to day field activities are directed by the party Manager.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">3. Permit Person:-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> It deals with local people to Obtain land and resources.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">4. Transit surveyor:-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Marks the place where survey has to be done.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">5. Shot Hole Driller:-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Makes holes for dynamite.</span><br />
<u><span style="font-size: large;">Ground crew </span></u><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">> Foreman:-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Ground crew is usually headed by foreman. which consists of jug hustlers and cable handlers.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">> Jug Hustlers:-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Jug hustler usually places Geophones.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">>Cable Handlers:- </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Cable Handler deals with all the cable Work. </span></div>
Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335376121480405305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274966003198831686.post-62177658702314793622013-04-27T10:14:00.001-07:002013-04-27T10:14:04.487-07:00The Core Of Earth<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">The core is composed mostly of iron with lesser amounts of nickle and other elements</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">At the extreme pressure found in the core, this iron rich </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">material has an average density of about 11 gm / cm3 and have 14 times the density of water at Earth’s centre</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The inner core and outer core are very similar</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Their division is based on differences in mechanical strength</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The outer core is a liquid capable of flow</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The inner core, despite its high temperature is stronger than the outer core and behaves like a solid.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Continue Reading For Diagrams</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzpZ4JBJb4DQSWdudy6fzyBx6dFbJwESGNbaE2s_XXPMGSeFfIehE7_uNKXRkPVV-sHX7-mD3XMNcC2WkU7kzS8IiP5ZqUYvPFvME2U-O62Uro8DGtXbvyTTYTUqX-LXg8_3XT_5RmsV8/s1600/the+core.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The core of earth" border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzpZ4JBJb4DQSWdudy6fzyBx6dFbJwESGNbaE2s_XXPMGSeFfIehE7_uNKXRkPVV-sHX7-mD3XMNcC2WkU7kzS8IiP5ZqUYvPFvME2U-O62Uro8DGtXbvyTTYTUqX-LXg8_3XT_5RmsV8/s320/the+core.jpg" title="The core of earth" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy46gNYxA91erGLvUPAdHTskKFpn7bO5tiFv9g-ZYhHM4fB2CuCr-prpNBdhqFUj6gKs8goRFh3j7wwpT6c4wEbtr3Qtmn2Fh695FyS57eptjQl5H9PqfjHIIegd2z5uKuTo4BtGxj22M/s1600/the+outer+core.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The core of earth" border="0" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy46gNYxA91erGLvUPAdHTskKFpn7bO5tiFv9g-ZYhHM4fB2CuCr-prpNBdhqFUj6gKs8goRFh3j7wwpT6c4wEbtr3Qtmn2Fh695FyS57eptjQl5H9PqfjHIIegd2z5uKuTo4BtGxj22M/s320/the+outer+core.png" title="The core of earth" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335376121480405305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274966003198831686.post-82530008942594780742013-04-27T10:01:00.000-07:002013-04-27T10:14:17.901-07:00The Mantle Of Earth<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">Over eighty two percent of the earth’s volume is</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">contained in the mantle.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The mantle is a highly viscous layer between the crust and the outer core. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">It is a rocky shell which is 2900 kilometers thick</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The boundary between the crust and mantle reflects a change in composition </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The mantle behaves like a solid while transmitting</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">earthquake waves</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Mantle rocks are able to flow at an incredible slow rates</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The mantle is divided into the Lower Mantle or Mesosphere which extends from the core – mantle</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">boundary to a depth of 660 kilometers</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Upper Mantle continues to the base of the crust.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Continue Reading For Diagrams</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2jlfdcffHvLQUcVEA3Cwows9_nApWV78hpWa5KuqahuBJ6hjtfHPa_D8gUa9HN_RaqTPaeDY_-us8LOrlUxTdbMjvYvHiHn70jL4IsGYBOfCyyrB6kNzWxbCUhE6COGwLp7LlsX8bEnI/s1600/mantle.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Mantle of the earth" border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2jlfdcffHvLQUcVEA3Cwows9_nApWV78hpWa5KuqahuBJ6hjtfHPa_D8gUa9HN_RaqTPaeDY_-us8LOrlUxTdbMjvYvHiHn70jL4IsGYBOfCyyrB6kNzWxbCUhE6COGwLp7LlsX8bEnI/s320/mantle.gif" title="Mantle" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-R2_11eAOGFGndxqkey32tiLqqnXwr_AQJ8bxZRMmviCDz2v3d1lgLRN3IWxV-mdPS98yp0fp8CFQZAUuMu1k0YzHVnPpMUNrN6QsQKnrptFIb-oI6MMxsaxU8H57ZjCbhlXHb7_YDeE/s1600/the+mantle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Mantle of the earth" border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-R2_11eAOGFGndxqkey32tiLqqnXwr_AQJ8bxZRMmviCDz2v3d1lgLRN3IWxV-mdPS98yp0fp8CFQZAUuMu1k0YzHVnPpMUNrN6QsQKnrptFIb-oI6MMxsaxU8H57ZjCbhlXHb7_YDeE/s320/the+mantle.jpg" title="Mantle of the earth" width="320" /></a></div>
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Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335376121480405305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274966003198831686.post-46156887132988464252013-04-27T02:36:00.004-07:002013-04-27T02:36:48.474-07:00The Earth's Exterior<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;">Various external forces affect the earth's surface, such as different climates and the amount of rainfall. Freezing, thawing, and running water all contribute to weathering and erosion, processes that break rock down into tiny particles. These particles are then transported by water, ice, or wind as sediment. The processes of erosion reduce mountains to hills, create canyons, valleys, and soils, and deposit huge amounts of sediments that either become eroded again or are preserved and lithified into sedimentary rock.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Source : cliffnotes.com</span></div>
Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335376121480405305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274966003198831686.post-90768537617327851142013-04-27T01:16:00.000-07:002013-04-27T01:16:11.836-07:00Geologic Time<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;">Geoscientists have estimated the earth to be about 4.5 billion years old. As the crust cooled, early geologic processes were largely volcanic, building up continental crust and a primitive atmosphere. Bacterial forms of life have been found in rocks that are billions of years old. Complex oceanic organisms such as trilobites began to appear only about 600 million years ago. From about 66 million to 245 million years ago, dinosaurs and other reptiles flourished all over the world. In contrast, human beings have existed in only about the last 3 million years, less than a thousandth of the age of Earth.</span><br /></div>
Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335376121480405305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274966003198831686.post-60138172340881201172013-04-27T01:10:00.001-07:002013-04-27T01:10:16.627-07:00The Earth's Origin<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;">According to the widely accepted nebular hypothesis, the planets and moons in the solar system, including Earth, formed from a huge cloud of mostly hydrogen and helium. Contraction, rotation, and dropping temperatures resulted in the formation of small particles, the first being nickel and iron. These began to stick together, and after tens of millions of years of condensation and accretion, the earth was formed about 5 billion years ago. Although the earth has been cooling ever since and has formed a hard outer crust, part of the interior is still hot and molten.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Source:- cliffnotes.com</span></div>
Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335376121480405305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274966003198831686.post-12512175486996685492013-04-27T01:01:00.000-07:002013-04-27T01:03:43.951-07:00History Of Physical Gelogy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">Physical geology is the study of the earth's rocks, minerals, and soils and how they have formed through time. Complex internal processes such as plate tectonics and mountain-building have formed these rocks and brought them to the earth's surface. Earthquakes are the result of the sudden movement of crustal plates, releasing internal energy that becomes destructive at the surface. Internal heat and energy are released also through volcanic eruptions. External processes such as glaciation, running water, weathering, and erosion have formed the landscapes we see today.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">About 2300 years ago, the Greeks, led by the philosopher Aristotle, were among the first to try to understand the earth. During the 1600s and 1700s, scientists believed the earth had been produced by gigantic, sudden, catastrophic events that built mountains, canyons, and oceans.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">In the late 1700s, James Hutton, a Scottish doctor, proposed that the physical processes that shape the world today also operated in the geologic past—a principle known as uniformitarianism. Another early concept was the law of superposition—in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each layer is younger than the ones below it and older than those above it. The law of faunal succession states that fossils in these rocks occur in the same kind of order, and changes in fossil content represent changes in time. Thus, rocks from different parts of the world containing the same type of fossil formed about the same time. English geologist Charles Lyell enlarged on these ideas and modernized geology with his series of books in the mid to late 1800s.</span><br />
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<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Source : cliffnotes.com</span></div>
Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335376121480405305noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274966003198831686.post-73361256354213915152013-04-27T00:52:00.002-07:002013-04-27T01:17:43.420-07:00Geological Survey Steps<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;">Geological Survey Steps:-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">1. In geological survey we check out the out craft structure , (fault and fold) and lithologies.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">2. Meteorological Survey:-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Surveyor must be aware of the meteorological condition that is weather condition.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">3. Base Camp:-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The surveyor needs to establish a base camp.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">4. Geological Camp:-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The surveyor must know the symbols and routes.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">5. Previous Literature:-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The surveyor must know the history and the previous literature of that particular area.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">6. Economic View Point:-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Before doing a survey it is concluded that, survey of this area would be economical or not. He must know the latitude and longitude of area.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">7. Equipment:-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The surveyor must have the proper equipment.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">8. Lease agreement:-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> One who wants the survey must have a least agreement from the government.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335376121480405305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274966003198831686.post-11554883691369881212013-04-27T00:38:00.001-07:002013-04-27T00:38:21.915-07:00Ferrel Law Simple Definition <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Ferrel Law:-</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b>Every freely moving body will reflect right hand side in northern hemisphere and reflect will reflect left hand side from it moving position in southern hemisphere.</span></div>
Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335376121480405305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274966003198831686.post-53893655549949441562013-04-26T01:13:00.001-07:002013-04-26T01:20:53.703-07:00Lakes And Oceans Depth Scale<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;">A very interesting Picture Of Lakes And Oceans Depth with animals , ships , boats length.</span><br />
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<a name='more'></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-nxJrsyoOLomN6My5cFKsg9oE5HRARSGrh1ky5SROJy1EK7um5IIPXIIlDJSqtPMsb8dqJb2lTtQdoDSkLX4zm3sYp3OXoZ4UAOo98oAoNxkN2DfF75HG3x94Fy87PnVcIAhsLCk-dAQ/s1600/lakes_and_oceans_large.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-nxJrsyoOLomN6My5cFKsg9oE5HRARSGrh1ky5SROJy1EK7um5IIPXIIlDJSqtPMsb8dqJb2lTtQdoDSkLX4zm3sYp3OXoZ4UAOo98oAoNxkN2DfF75HG3x94Fy87PnVcIAhsLCk-dAQ/s1600/lakes_and_oceans_large.png" /></a></div>
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Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335376121480405305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274966003198831686.post-70399419016467061362013-04-25T08:23:00.002-07:002013-04-27T10:07:51.233-07:00Difference Between Geology and geophyscis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Q) What is geology and geophysics? and what is difference between them?</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Geology :-</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> It is the study of the earth. The materials it is made from, the structure of those materials and the process that happened to them overtime.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Geophysics :-</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Geophysics involves using physical theories and measurements to determine the earth properties.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Difference :-</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The geologist usually studies the earth through direct observation in the field and analysis of soil rock sample whereas geophysists emphasis using physical principles to study the earth material and structures usually in quantitative way and mathematical modeling</span>. <br />
</div>
Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335376121480405305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274966003198831686.post-84421063786090493042013-03-19T09:25:00.000-07:002013-04-27T09:33:54.694-07:00Compositional Layers Of Earth<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><b>COMPOSITIONAL LAYERS OF EARTH</b></span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The chemical differentiation which
began early in the earth’s history is still occurring but on a much smaller
scale<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Because of the chemical
differentiation earth’s interior is not
homogeneous <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">It consists of three major regions
that have different chemical compositions</span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The principle division of Earth
includes:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The <b>Crust</b>, Earth’s
comparatively thin outer skin ranges in thickness from 3 kilometers (2 miles)
at the oceanic ridges to over 70 kilometers (40 miles) in some mountain belts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The <b>Mantle</b>, a solid rocky
shell that extends to a depth of about 2885 kilometers (1800 miles)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The <b>Core, </b>which can be further
divided into the <b>Outer Core </b>and <b>Inner Core </b></span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The <b>Outer Core, </b>a molten
metallic layer some 2270 kilometers (1410 miles) thick<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The <b>Inner Core, </b>a solid iron
rich sphere having a radius of 1216 kilometers (756 miles)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><b>THE CRUST</b></span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The crust, the rigid outermost layer
of Earth is further divided into:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">1. Oceanic crust<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">2. Continental crust<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Oceanic crust range from 3 to 15
kilometers in thickness and is composed of dark igneous rocks called <b>Basalt<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The upper continental crust consists
of a large variety of rock types which have an average composition of a <b>granitic
</b>rock called <b>granodiorite.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The rocks of the oceanic crust are
younger (180 million </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">years or less) and more dense having density about 3
gm/cm<sup>3</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> 2.7 Continental rocks have an average density
of about </span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">gm</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><span dir="LTR"></span>/ cm<sup>3</sup></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc5KwQIkrDqnk4XVQCiInT2k1SLcELyfIse8cZlk8uz2L9kxTsU1x0D_I-Ultds5ZehH525pUvGCdEjM42ue40LHP52v_7vww9uBL5eDKvx8kqjxSK6EymYz18-ecg5H9PfX8DIRoCyj0/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="types of crust" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc5KwQIkrDqnk4XVQCiInT2k1SLcELyfIse8cZlk8uz2L9kxTsU1x0D_I-Ultds5ZehH525pUvGCdEjM42ue40LHP52v_7vww9uBL5eDKvx8kqjxSK6EymYz18-ecg5H9PfX8DIRoCyj0/s320/Picture1.jpg" title="types of crust" width="317" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_nDHgEhS4TEwLUbs6mxA3Zoo8-nedso76vlFWtdSCivgi0x9PfddDdAYgpGLol2cEZzEOZoQbPSBS7ALH5zYTA4MYqOIznY1JGseVwafUyRrHfXQn7p6_1AIiv9UdxiFF_T5XY0LkMt0/s1600/the+crust.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="the crust" border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_nDHgEhS4TEwLUbs6mxA3Zoo8-nedso76vlFWtdSCivgi0x9PfddDdAYgpGLol2cEZzEOZoQbPSBS7ALH5zYTA4MYqOIznY1JGseVwafUyRrHfXQn7p6_1AIiv9UdxiFF_T5XY0LkMt0/s320/the+crust.png" title="the crust" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><br /></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Some have been
discovered that exceed four billion years of
age<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><b>FEATURES OF THE OCEANIC CRUST</b></span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The three important features of the
oceanic crust are <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Mid Oceanic Ridges <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Oceanic Trenches <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Island arcs</span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOFzoZDiIbbIphG_P1edNyTkY4xJGxx2btHaK3z7zPelmhHz32AmoWwe0942vlcIA6qj3pzA5qN_3gE77FVMb4eBekOFXgKENVLI0uc8AzlY2SU3Hgz8H3ITGlFBroc90-EK7TpjUI43c/s1600/featues+of+oceanic+crust.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="features of oceanic crust" border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOFzoZDiIbbIphG_P1edNyTkY4xJGxx2btHaK3z7zPelmhHz32AmoWwe0942vlcIA6qj3pzA5qN_3gE77FVMb4eBekOFXgKENVLI0uc8AzlY2SU3Hgz8H3ITGlFBroc90-EK7TpjUI43c/s320/featues+of+oceanic+crust.gif" title="features of oceanic crust" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><b>MID-OCEANIC RIDGE</b></span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> A
<b>mid-ocean ridge</b> is a general term for an underwater mountain system that
consists of various mountain ranges (chains), typically having a valley known
as a rift running along its spine, formed by <u>plate tectonics</u>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> This
type of oceanic ridge is characteristic of what is known as an <b>oceanic
spreading center</b>, which is responsible for seafloor spreading. </span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> The
uplifted seafloor results from convection currents which rise in the mantle as
magma at a linear weakness in the oceanic crust, and emerge as lava, creating
new crust upon cooling. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> A
mid-ocean ridge demarcates/separates the boundary between two tectonic plates,
and consequently is termed a divergent plate boundary</span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZGOwI-mod-R5qnW0HSbG3wINf3m6ofriuiEZr6DP6tlwYiPCRUTwnT0gO9XHX7aYr9KOiZTZO6QjFb7Nvd5NGviqSB_wYnb8jQqMoAiQ3WioT28kcNehKXYqtSzSXN2JPANOn5QEM73c/s1600/lava.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="mid oceanic ridges" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZGOwI-mod-R5qnW0HSbG3wINf3m6ofriuiEZr6DP6tlwYiPCRUTwnT0gO9XHX7aYr9KOiZTZO6QjFb7Nvd5NGviqSB_wYnb8jQqMoAiQ3WioT28kcNehKXYqtSzSXN2JPANOn5QEM73c/s1600/lava.gif" title="mid oceanic ridges" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><b>SEA FLOOR SPREADING</b></span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> Seafloor
spreading</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> is a process that occurs at
mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity
and then gradually moves away from the ridge. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> Seafloor
spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT7BlLgP6l5NhDZ5HZ_hCutLwDKXHMqG8lQoSf0Rh4Su4LZOORi0bixHxDmuh9jPZikJcX9egA05VGkdK6GVvs6ZC6-Ewnu3G3bC5xS7LoSOaicc2vec8ZKO1WppAmyqHnEPuPhyphenhyphenDqYA4/s1600/sea+floor+spreading.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="sea floor spreading" border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT7BlLgP6l5NhDZ5HZ_hCutLwDKXHMqG8lQoSf0Rh4Su4LZOORi0bixHxDmuh9jPZikJcX9egA05VGkdK6GVvs6ZC6-Ewnu3G3bC5xS7LoSOaicc2vec8ZKO1WppAmyqHnEPuPhyphenhyphenDqYA4/s320/sea+floor+spreading.gif" title="Sea floor spreading" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><b>ISLAND ARCS</b></span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> An
<b>island arc</b> is a type of archipelago composed of a chain of volcanoes
which alignment is arc-shaped, and which are situated parallel and close to a
boundary between two converging tectonic plates.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> Most
of these island arcs are formed as one oceanic <u>tectonic plate</u> <u>subducts</u>
another one and, in most cases, produces <u>magma</u> at depth below the
over-riding plate. </span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4td6UZzpQpOC90-_Qj_V0re2Sc63eYvdUnhoiszUjN61PhRxKBmg3yCsGUOJ8eGzDbw_hxPrrytb7LHepEkznHkcnlXfWK42TXbinYcYdbFc9s1JEE16skkkW0qBHiLgNy4VU6U_mTYI/s1600/Island+arcs.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Island arcs" border="0" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4td6UZzpQpOC90-_Qj_V0re2Sc63eYvdUnhoiszUjN61PhRxKBmg3yCsGUOJ8eGzDbw_hxPrrytb7LHepEkznHkcnlXfWK42TXbinYcYdbFc9s1JEE16skkkW0qBHiLgNy4VU6U_mTYI/s320/Island+arcs.gif" title="Island arcs" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><b>OCEANIC TRENCHES</b></span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> The
<b>oceanic trenches</b> are hemispheric-scale long but narrow topographic
depressions of the sea floor. They are also the deepest parts of the ocean
floor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> Trenches</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> are found at the boundary between two <u>lithospheric</u>
plates. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">There are three types of lithospheric
plate boundaries: <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">divergent</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> (where lithosphere and oceanic crust is created at
mid-ocean ridges)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">convergent</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> (where one lithospheric plate sinks beneath another
and returns to the mantle)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">transform</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> (where two lithospheric plates slide past each
other).<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjydrJhPe2qtAapDXO9wU_Mw2oDYK12lMqURnCHhQFRoQZf55eb34G5j510dsPA7jaBwjRw6aGx5p3W3_8gRPMS4rxLgExeQWGeO3vnUkc7-p2zdHlXfQGrrikYqNdtGZgnzXbmcByBb7s/s1600/oceanic+trenches.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Oceanic trenches" border="0" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjydrJhPe2qtAapDXO9wU_Mw2oDYK12lMqURnCHhQFRoQZf55eb34G5j510dsPA7jaBwjRw6aGx5p3W3_8gRPMS4rxLgExeQWGeO3vnUkc7-p2zdHlXfQGrrikYqNdtGZgnzXbmcByBb7s/s320/oceanic+trenches.jpg" title="Oceanic Trenches" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><b>OCEAN BASINS</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The ocean basins
are known to contain the most prominent mountain ranges on Earth, the <b>Mid </b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><b>Oceanic Ridge <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<b><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> System<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The Mid Atlantic
Ridge and East Pacific Ridge are parts of <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">this system<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">They formed a
continous belt of more than </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><span dir="LTR"></span>70,000</span><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><span dir="RTL"></span> kilometer </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">around the globe<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> Rather than consisting of highly deformed
rocks the oceanic ridge system consists of layer upon layer of once molten rock
that has been fractured and uplifted<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> The ocean floor also contain deep graves
that are occasionally more than eleven thousand feet deep called <b>Oceanic
Trenches</b><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: xx-small; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><b><br /></b></span>
</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLbC51qti2M8LSthq0y-xxY-v677AKUNiqFLn3NjLY0jwwG76-cs4Q5wB8ilKNcEXgop3wqnQCEl0exbMWZOoUDSdYH08-QdHNUY_bioZzT3BJxoGwY5qXUVFfUQNPWFe06oMSO6Jrxp8/s1600/ocean+basins.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Ocean basins" border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLbC51qti2M8LSthq0y-xxY-v677AKUNiqFLn3NjLY0jwwG76-cs4Q5wB8ilKNcEXgop3wqnQCEl0exbMWZOoUDSdYH08-QdHNUY_bioZzT3BJxoGwY5qXUVFfUQNPWFe06oMSO6Jrxp8/s320/ocean+basins.jpg" title="Ocean basins" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><b>THE MANTLE</b><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> Over eighty two percent of the earth’s volume
is <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">contained in the
mantle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> It is a rocky shell which is </span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><span dir="LTR"></span>2900</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><span dir="RTL"></span> kilometers </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">thick <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">T</span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">he boundary between the crust and mantle reflects a change in
composition <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">T</span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">he mantle behaves like a solid while transmitting <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">earthquake waves<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Mantle rocks are
able to flow at an incredible slow rates<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The mantle is
divided into the <b>Lower Mantle or
Mesosphere</b> which extends from the core – mantle <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">boundary to a
depth of </span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><span dir="LTR"></span>660 </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">kilometers</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The <b>Upper
Mantle</b> continues to the base of the crust<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2jlfdcffHvLQUcVEA3Cwows9_nApWV78hpWa5KuqahuBJ6hjtfHPa_D8gUa9HN_RaqTPaeDY_-us8LOrlUxTdbMjvYvHiHn70jL4IsGYBOfCyyrB6kNzWxbCUhE6COGwLp7LlsX8bEnI/s1600/mantle.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="mantle" border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2jlfdcffHvLQUcVEA3Cwows9_nApWV78hpWa5KuqahuBJ6hjtfHPa_D8gUa9HN_RaqTPaeDY_-us8LOrlUxTdbMjvYvHiHn70jL4IsGYBOfCyyrB6kNzWxbCUhE6COGwLp7LlsX8bEnI/s320/mantle.gif" title="mantle" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-R2_11eAOGFGndxqkey32tiLqqnXwr_AQJ8bxZRMmviCDz2v3d1lgLRN3IWxV-mdPS98yp0fp8CFQZAUuMu1k0YzHVnPpMUNrN6QsQKnrptFIb-oI6MMxsaxU8H57ZjCbhlXHb7_YDeE/s1600/the+mantle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="mantle" border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-R2_11eAOGFGndxqkey32tiLqqnXwr_AQJ8bxZRMmviCDz2v3d1lgLRN3IWxV-mdPS98yp0fp8CFQZAUuMu1k0YzHVnPpMUNrN6QsQKnrptFIb-oI6MMxsaxU8H57ZjCbhlXHb7_YDeE/s320/the+mantle.jpg" title="mantle" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><b>THE CORE</b></span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">he core is composed mostly of iron with lesser amounts
of nickle and other elements <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">At the extreme pressure found in the
core, this iron rich </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><span dir="RTL"></span> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">material has an average density of
about 11 gm / cm<sup>3</sup> and have 14 times the density of water at Earth’s
centre<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: large; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The <b>inner core</b> and <b>outer
core</b> are very similar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Their division is based on
differences in mechanical strength</span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The <b>outer core</b> is a liquid
capable of flow <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The <b>inner core, </b>despite its
high temperature is stronger than the outer core and behaves like a solid.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="ER" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-bidi-language: ER; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzpZ4JBJb4DQSWdudy6fzyBx6dFbJwESGNbaE2s_XXPMGSeFfIehE7_uNKXRkPVV-sHX7-mD3XMNcC2WkU7kzS8IiP5ZqUYvPFvME2U-O62Uro8DGtXbvyTTYTUqX-LXg8_3XT_5RmsV8/s1600/the+core.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Core" border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzpZ4JBJb4DQSWdudy6fzyBx6dFbJwESGNbaE2s_XXPMGSeFfIehE7_uNKXRkPVV-sHX7-mD3XMNcC2WkU7kzS8IiP5ZqUYvPFvME2U-O62Uro8DGtXbvyTTYTUqX-LXg8_3XT_5RmsV8/s320/the+core.jpg" title="Core" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy46gNYxA91erGLvUPAdHTskKFpn7bO5tiFv9g-ZYhHM4fB2CuCr-prpNBdhqFUj6gKs8goRFh3j7wwpT6c4wEbtr3Qtmn2Fh695FyS57eptjQl5H9PqfjHIIegd2z5uKuTo4BtGxj22M/s1600/the+outer+core.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Core" border="0" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy46gNYxA91erGLvUPAdHTskKFpn7bO5tiFv9g-ZYhHM4fB2CuCr-prpNBdhqFUj6gKs8goRFh3j7wwpT6c4wEbtr3Qtmn2Fh695FyS57eptjQl5H9PqfjHIIegd2z5uKuTo4BtGxj22M/s320/the+outer+core.png" title="Core" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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Malikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18335376121480405305noreply@blogger.com0